2) Cardiopulmonary stress due to altitude, cabin pressure, and extreme climates
What happens: Pressurized cabins are equivalent to an altitude of 1,800–2,400 meters; there is less oxygen per breath. Heat/humidity or extreme cold require rapid adjustments from the heart and lungs.
Warning signs: Unusual shortness of breath, chest tightness, dizziness, palpitations, swollen ankles.
How to reduce the risk: Choose destinations with temperate climates, take shorter trips, use a portable pulse oximeter if you have COPD/heart failure, and plan with your cardiologist or pulmonologist before long flights.
3) More severe infections due to immunosenescence
What happens: With age, the immune system responds more slowly; New pathogens, air conditioning, and local water sources increase the risk of respiratory or gastrointestinal illnesses.
Warning signs: persistent fever, diarrhea with dehydration, worsening cough.
How to reduce the risk: up-to-date vaccinations (influenza, pneumococcal, COVID-19, as indicated), strict hygiene guidelines, bottled water, and choosing accommodations with good ventilation and cleanliness.
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